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About this book

How does a republic born in revolution fall into the hands of a president who seizes power?

In The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, Karl Marx follows France from the revolution of 1848 to Bonaparte’s coup in 1851. Workers, peasants, rival parties and an elected president struggle over the republic. Marx asks how their conflicts open the way for a man he regards as ridiculous to take control.

This is history with an argument at its heart. Marx connects speeches, newspapers, class interests and political rivalries to show how power changes hands. He examines why peasants support Napoleon’s nephew, why the Assembly turns against its own voters, and why political actors reach for names and costumes borrowed from the past.

What you’ll discover

  • Revolution and its fractures Follow the competing class interests that break the republic’s early promise of brotherhood.
  • The pull of Napoleon Explore Marx’s account of why peasants place their hopes in a famous name.
  • A parliament against itself Watch the Assembly weaken its position as it fights both president and voters.
  • Politics in borrowed costumes See how memories of earlier struggles shape the language and actions of political rivals.
  • The machinery behind power Look beyond the coup itself to Marx’s examination of the state machine behind it.

Who will love it

This book suits readers who enjoy sharp political writing, wonder how coups happen, or want to see a famous thinker read real events with wit and anger.

What’s inside

The key ideas, in the 15-minute summary

  1. History repeats first as tragedy, then as farce
  2. A nation cannot blame surprise for its own fall
  3. The constitution carried the seeds of its own death
  4. Behind the party names stand real class interests
  5. The bourgeoisie destroys the parliament it rules
  6. Bonaparte builds a private army from the slums
  7. The bourgeoisie begs for an end to its own rule
  8. Peasants gave Bonaparte a base and a state machine

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History

Der achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte

by Karl Marx · 1852

A penniless adventurer in Napoleon's hat seizes France, and Marx asks how a whole nation lets him.

Challenging2–5 hours to readDeutsch

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In short

What happens when a nation overthrows a king and ends up under a man in a borrowed hat? In December 1851, Louis Bonaparte, nephew of the great Napoleon, sent troops into Paris overnight, arrested the leaders of parliament and ended the French republic.

Der achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte by Karl Marx, the cover

From the 15-minute summary · Key idea 1

History repeats first as tragedy, then as farce

Marx opens with a famous remark. Great events and people appear twice, the first time as tragedy and the second time as farce. The uncle Napoleon returns as his nephew.

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Which edition is right for me
15-minute summary
The key ideas of the whole book in about 13 minutes. A good first look, or a refresher.
Details
First published
1852
Language
Deutsch
Reading time
2 h 55 min
Level
Challenging

Cite this edition

Marx, Karl. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. Library of Alexandria, 2026, libraryofalexandria.com/products/the-eighteenth-brumaire-of-louis-bonaparte.

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What is The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte about?

It tells how France went from the February revolution of 1848 to the coup of December 2, 1851, when Louis Bonaparte ended the republic. Marx explains each stage through the class interests behind the parties.

What does Eighteenth Brumaire mean in the title?

It names the day in 1799, in the French revolutionary calendar, when the first Napoleon seized power. Marx uses it to link that coup to his nephew's coup, which echoes the earlier one as farce.

What does Marx mean by tragedy and farce?

He says great events appear twice. The first Napoleon and the first revolution were serious tragedy, while the nephew's imitation, with its costumes and borrowed glory, is a comic and shabby repeat.

The author

Karl Marx

1818–1883 · German philosopher and political economist

Karl Marx was born in Trier, Germany, in 1818 and died in London in 1883. He lived in Paris, Brussels, and London. He wrote The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels in 1848, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte in 1852, and A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy in 1859.

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