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About this book

What do you owe a government when obeying it means lending your support to injustice?

In On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, Henry David Thoreau puts conscience before obedience. His refusal to pay a tax brings him to the Concord jail. Behind that refusal stand slavery and the war against Mexico. He asks what one person should do when the state demands support for actions that person knows are wrong.

Thoreau treats government as a tool, not a moral authority. He challenges the idea that a majority must be right simply because it has the strength to rule. His argument moves from what you believe to what you do with your hands, your money, and your name. Holding the right opinion, he insists, is not enough.

What you’ll discover

  • Conscience before obedience Consider where your duty to the state ends and your responsibility to yourself begins.
  • The limits of majority rule Follow Thoreau as he separates the power to govern from the claim to be right.
  • More than an opinion Face his demand that opposition to injustice must reach beyond private beliefs.
  • A night in jail See how refusing a tax gives his argument a concrete, personal cost.
  • Government under scrutiny Explore his distrust of a state served by people who set their judgment aside.

Who will love it

For readers who care about conscience, protest and the limits of the state, and for anyone who wants the source of ideas later used by reformers.

What’s inside

The key ideas, in the 15-minute summary

  1. A government is only a tool
  2. Majorities can be wrong
  3. Most people serve the state like machines
  4. Refuse your support to injustice
  5. The night in jail and the cost

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Philosophy & Ideas

Sul dovere della disobbedienza civile

by Henry David Thoreau · 1849

From a night in the Concord jail, Thoreau asks what conscience requires when a government does wrong.

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In short

One night in a Concord jail changed how the world thinks about protest. He was angry that his country allowed slavery and fought a war against Mexico.

Sul dovere della disobbedienza civile by Henry David Thoreau, the cover

From the 15-minute summary · Key idea 1

A government is only a tool

Thoreau agrees with the motto that the best government is the one that governs least. He calls government at best an expedient, a convenient device. It does not keep the country free or educate anyone. He credits the character of the people for what is done.

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What is Civil Disobedience by Thoreau about?

It argues that a person must not help the state do wrong. Thoreau says conscience matters more than majority rule, and that when laws demand injustice, the right response is to refuse openly and accept the penalty.

Why was Thoreau put in jail?

He was arrested in Concord in July 1846 for not paying a poll tax. He refused because he opposed slavery and the war with Mexico, and he did not want to fund a government that supported them.

Did Thoreau's essay influence Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.?

Yes. Gandhi read and drew on the essay in his campaigns in South Africa and India, and Martin Luther King Jr. wrote that it influenced his thinking about nonviolent protest.

The author

Henry David Thoreau

1817–1862 · American essayist, poet and philosopher

Henry David Thoreau was an American essayist, poet, and philosopher. He was born in Concord, Massachusetts, in 1817 and died there in 1862. He lived beside Walden Pond from 1845 to 1847. His writings include Civil Disobedience (1849), Walden (1854), Walking (1862), and Cape Cod (1865), published after his death.

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