4 h 22 minAudiobook10 minSummaryRead it, hear it, the 15-minute summary, and print and large print at costPaperback · 6 × 9 in · printing soonHardcover · 6 × 9 in · printing soonAbout this book
What happens when biblical stories enter a world of warrior kings, sworn loyalty, and broken oaths?
Codex Junius 11 brings together four anonymous Old English poems: Genesis, Exodus, Daniel, and Christ and Satan. They retell biblical stories in alliterative verse, the form of hall songs about warriors and kings. Here, God appears as a mighty lord, angels serve as loyal followers, and Satan becomes a proud thane who breaks his oath.
Genesis moves through the world's beginnings, Satan's pride, and the first sin in Eden. Exodus turns the Red Sea crossing into a battlefield, while Daniel carries readers into Babylon and the fiery furnace. Christ and Satan brings scenes of hell, rescue, and judgment. These are broken, uneven pieces rather than one smooth narrative, but their heroic language gives familiar sacred stories a different force.
What you’ll discover
- Sacred stories, heroic worlds Discover how Anglo-Saxon poets recast biblical events through the language of lordship and loyalty.
- Pride and broken loyalty Meet a Satan whose rebellion takes the shape of a warrior's broken oath.
- The sea as battlefield Enter an Exodus that makes the Red Sea crossing feel like heroic conflict.
- Babylon and the furnace Explore Daniel's account of exile and pride humbled by God, according to the poem.
- Hell, rescue, and judgment Encounter Christ breaking open hell's gates in the collection's final, loosely linked poem.
Is it for you?
This book suits readers who enjoy epic poetry, early English culture, or the Bible told in a fresh and warlike voice. If you want a smooth, complete narrative, the broken and uneven pieces here may frustrate you.
What’s inside
The key ideas, in the 15-minute summary
- A book of poems made around 1000
- Genesis A tells the world's early story
- Genesis B shows Satan's pride and Eden's fall
- Exodus makes the Red Sea a battlefield
- Daniel shows pride humbled by God
- Christ and Satan: hell, rescue, and judgment
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- 15-minute summary
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- Large print hardcover
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From the 15-minute summary · Key idea 1 of 6
A book of poems made around 1000
The manuscript was written in the late tenth or early eleventh century, probably in southern England. Scholars have argued for centuries about the exact place. Canterbury and Malmesbury are the names most often put forward, and no one has settled the matter. What is clear is that it was made in a monastic setting, by monks who loved both scripture and the old poetic tradition.
The book takes its name from Franciscus Junius, a Dutch-born scholar who lived in England and studied the early Germanic languages. He printed the poems in Amsterdam in 1655, which made them known to readers for the first time. He left his manuscripts to the Bodleian Library, where this one still lies. Its shelf mark, Junius 11, became its everyday name.
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What is Codex Junius 11?
It is an Old English manuscript kept in the Bodleian Library in Oxford, made around the year 1000. It holds four poems on biblical themes: Genesis, Exodus, Daniel, and Christ and Satan.
Why is it called Junius 11 and the Caedmon manuscript?
It is named after Franciscus Junius, who printed the poems in 1655 and left his manuscripts to Oxford. He thought Caedmon wrote them, so it was long called the Caedmon manuscript, though scholars now reject that.
Who wrote Genesis, Exodus, Daniel, and Christ and Satan?
No one knows. The poems are anonymous and come from different poets and different times. They were copied together by scribes, probably in southern England, around the year 1000.
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