The Federalist Papers, Federalist No. 4 summary
Federalist No. 4 of 85 · 7 min to read the paper
In Federalist No. 4, Jay argues that foreign nations may attack America for commercial advantage even without a just cause, making strength as necessary as restraint. He presents a single national government as better able to organize defense, coordinate resources, and discourage aggression than separate states or confederacies.
What happens
- Jay argues that nations pursue profitable wars and that monarchs may also fight for personal aims.
- American competition in fishing, shipping, and overseas trade gives foreign powers reasons for jealousy and hostility.
- A national government can coordinate policy, resources, treaties, and military training for the protection of every part.
- Britain’s military and naval strength illustrates the advantages of unified government over separate regional forces.
- Separate American governments may refuse assistance or dispute military command, contributions, and peace terms.
- Foreign nations respond to American unity with greater respect, while division invites manipulation and aggression.
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In this paper
What to notice
The distinction makes avoiding wrongdoing insufficient for security. Jay argues that America also needs enough organized strength to discourage opportunistic attacks.
Quick check
Why does Jay favor one government for organizing the militia?
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