Zusammenfassung
Zusammenfassung von System der deduktiven und induktiven Logik
Für wen es gedacht ist
For readers who love philosophy, science and the history of ideas, and enjoy following a careful argument step by step. Mill explores evidence, cause, experimental inquiry and the study of human society.
Worum es in diesem Buch geht
How do you know that what you believe is true? John Stuart Mill put that question at the heart of A System of Logic, first published in 1843. He wanted a method for testing evidence that a scientist, a lawyer, a doctor or a citizen could all use. Many thinkers of his day held that some truths are known by intuition and need no proof. Mill thought this habit shielded old prejudices from question. He set out to show that all knowledge of the world, from the laws of motion to the rules of morals, comes from experience and can be checked by it.
In dieser Zusammenfassung
- 1Logic is the art of judging evidenceFree
- 2Clear words and propositions come first
- 3The syllogism proves nothing you did not know
- 4All real knowledge rests on induction from experience
- 5A cause is an unconditional invariable sequence
- 6Four methods help find causes by experiment
- 7Real causes are tangled, so reasoning must combine methods
- 8Careful classification and fallacy-spotting protect good thinking
- 9Human life can be studied by the same methods
Punkt 1 von 9
Logic is the art of judging evidence
Mill opens by asking what logic is for. He does not treat it as a game with words. For him it is the study of the mind's operations that help us weigh evidence and tell a well founded belief from a poor one.
We know our own sensations directly. Almost everything else, from tomorrow's weather to the cause of a disease, is reached by reasoning. So the quality of our reasoning decides the quality of nearly all we believe.
This sets him against those who claim an inner light beyond argument. Even a person who feels certain must weigh the evidence for that belief. Before asking whether a claim is true, ask what kind of evidence could support it.
That’s 1 of 9 key points.
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Questions about System der deduktiven und induktiven Logik
What is A System of Logic by John Stuart Mill about?
It is a study of how we reason and how we judge evidence. Mill explains words and propositions, the limits of the syllogism, induction, cause, and methods of experiment, then applies them to the study of mind and society.
What are Mill's methods of induction?
They are four rules for finding causes by comparing cases: agreement, difference, residues and concomitant variations. Mill also describes a joint method of agreement and difference. They remain a standard way to teach how causal claims are tested.
Is A System of Logic hard to read?
Mill writes clearly, with many examples. Readers often start with the third book on induction and cause.
Why does Mill say the syllogism proves nothing new?
He argues that the general premise, such as all men are mortal, already assumes the conclusion. Real inference happens earlier, when we move from observed cases to a rule, so the syllogism only checks that we have drawn from that rule correctly.